Twenty years ago, in his letter to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders, Warren Buffett quoted Mae West, sex symbol of the 1930s: "Too much of a good thing can be wonderful." The Oracle of Omaha was alluding to diversification, the benefits of which were overrated, he suggested. Explained Buffett: "I cannot understand why an investor…elects to put money into a business that is his 20th-favorite rather than simply adding that money to his top choices—the businesses he understands best and that present the least risk, along with the greatest profit potential." Not to mention that when you own too many stocks, it's hard to keep track of them.
See Also: The Kip 25 Funds That Worry Us
Of course, when you own too few stocks, you run the risk of a huge loss if one of them suffers a calamity. Enron employees learned that lesson the hard way in 2001. If, however, you own everything in Standard & Poor's 500-stock index, the most widely followed benchmark for the U.S. stock market, you will experience less-volatile performance. If a single company in the index were to vaporize, it would, at most, knock 0.3% off the value of your portfolio.
There's a happy medium between diversification and what Peter Lynch, the former manager of Fidelity Magellan, once called "diworsification," and it's probably a smaller number of stocks than you think. Consider research about long-term stock-market returns by Joel Greenblatt, the Columbia University professor and hedge fund manager. He found that if you owned the U.S. stock market as a whole, two-thirds of the time the range of returns varied from a loss of 8% to a gain of 28%. But if you owned just eight stocks, the range of performance was not that much greater: from a loss of 10% to a gain of 30%. Daniel Burnside, writing in AAII Journal, published by the American Association of Individual Investors, looked at the market over a 41-year period ending in 2001 and concluded that owning 25 stocks reduced "unsystematic" risk (the risk of not diversifying at all) by 80%, while owning 100 stocks reduced that risk by 90%—that is, not much more.
Best Asian Stocks To Invest In Right Now
A manageable portfolio holds between 20 and 30 stocks. As long as they are roughly balanced by sector and weighted fairly equally, that number is enough to reduce systematic risk significantly. If you want to eliminate that risk, you can simply buy an exchange-traded fund such as Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI), which at last report held 3,657 stocks. But if you want to beat the market, you'll need to accept some risk, and the smartest way to do that is by slimming down your portfolio.
A preference for compactness. The same principle applies to funds. Sure, there are some great funds that own a lot of companies. Fidelity Low-Priced Stock (FLPSX), with 893 stocks, is a good one (the fund is a member of the Kiplinger 25). But I have a soft spot for more-artisanal funds, with small portfolios, low turnover and a founder who has often made the key decisions for decades.
Consider Parnassus (PARNX), launched 29 years ago by Jerome Dodson, a Berkeley political-science major. Dodson is still managing this paragon of socially screened investing. Parnassus owns 46 stocks, or about half the average for a U.S. stock fund, and nearly half of its assets are in just a dozen companies.
In a class by itself is Fairholme (FAIRX), run by founder Bruce Berkowitz, a bargain hunter to the extreme. Fairholme is more hedge fund than standard mutual fund, with only six stocks and a scattering of bonds. Its largest holding, American International Group (AIG), equals a whopping 47% of assets.
Both funds have delivered great long-term results, but they are also highly risky. In 2011, for instance, a year the overall U.S. market earned 2.1%, Fairholme fell 32.4%; the next year, it gained 35.8%, beating the S&P by 20 points. Morningstar gives Parnassus a risk rating of "high"; it is 23% more volatile than the average fund.
No comments:
Post a Comment